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Executive Summaries Module 1: Regulating the Telecommunications Sector: Overview Module 2. Competition and Price Regulation Module 3. Authorization of Telecommunications Services Module 4. Universal Access Module 5. Radio Spectrum Management Module 6. Legal and Institutional Framework Module 7. New Technologies and Impacts on Regulation Executive Summaries
Module 1: Regulating the Telecommunications Sector: Overview
1 Context
1.1 New Vocabulary, New Economy, New Regulation
1.2 ICTs and the Transformational Opportunity and Risks
1.3 Disruptive Technologies
1.4 How Did We Get Here?
1.5 Regulatory Sequencing
2 The Regulator
2.1 Rationale for an Effective and Independent Regulator
2.2 What is “Independence” and How is it Fostered?
2.3 Accountability, Transparency, and Predictability
2.4 What is the Role of Regulators?
2.5 Convergence and Regulators
3 Authorization and Competition
3.1 Authorization
3.2 Competition
4 Interconnection
5 Universal Access
6 Radio Spectrum
7 New Technologies and Their Impact on Regulation
Module 2. Competition and Price Regulation
Executive Summaries
1 Overview: Putting ICT Regulation in Context
1.1 Key Developments in the ICT Sector
1.2 Trends in ICT Regulation
2 Competition Policy and the ICT Sector
2.1 Forms of Competition
2.1.1 Perfect Competition
2.1.2 Effective Competition
2.1.3 Market Contestability
2.1.4 Sustainable Competition
2.2 Why Focus on Competition?
2.2.1 Benchmarking Competition by Sector
2.2.2 Comparison Table: Competition by Sector and Region
2.3 Competition Policy and Regulation
2.3.1 Competition Policy
2.3.2 Regulation
2.3.3 Ex Ante and Ex Post Regulation
2.3.4 Advantages and Disadvantages of Ex Ante versus Ex Post Regulation
2.3.5 Regulatory Forbearance
2.4 Key Concepts in Competition Policy
2.4.1 Markets and Market Definition
2.4.2 Market Power
2.4.3 Barriers to Entry
2.4.4 Essential Facilities
2.5 Common Forms of Anti-Competitive Conduct
2.5.1 Abuse of Dominance
2.5.2 Refusal to Supply
2.5.3 Vertical Price Squeeze
2.5.4 Cross-Subsidization
2.5.5 Misuse of Information
2.5.6 Customer Lock-In
2.5.7 Exclusionary or Predatory Pricing
2.5.8 Tying and Bundling
2.6 Remedies for Anti-Competitive Conduct
2.6.1 Remedies for Abuse of Dominance
2.6.2 Remedies for Refusal to Supply and Price Squeezes
2.6.3 Remedies for Cross-Subsidization
2.6.4 Remedies for Misuse of Information
2.6.5 Remedies for Customer Lock-In
2.6.6 Remedies for Predatory Pricing
2.6.7 Remedies for Tying and Bundling
2.7 Mergers, Acquisitions, and Joint Ventures
2.7.1 Horizontal Mergers
2.7.2 Vertical Mergers
2.7.3 Joint Ventures
3 Regulating For Interconnection
3.1 Overview of Interconnection
3.1.1 What is Interconnection?
3.1.2 Why is Interconnection Important?
3.1.3 Why Regulate Interconnection?
3.2 Key Concepts
3.2.1 Forms of Interconnection
3.2.2 Unbundling
3.2.3 Asymmetric Interconnection Regulation
3.2.4 Issues Dealt with in Interconnection Agreements
3.3 Setting Interconnection Prices
3.3.1 Pricing Principles
3.3.2 Long-Run Incremental Cost Modelling
3.3.3 Commonly Used Cost Models
3.3.4 Benchmarking Interconnection Rates
3.4 Mobile Interconnection
3.4.1 Forms of Mobile Interconnection
3.4.2 Mobile Termination Rates
3.4.3 Retentions for Fixed-to-Mobile Calls
3.4.4 Modelling Mobile Network Costs
3.4.5 Mobile Roaming
3.4.6 Social Issues and Universal Service
3.5 Challenges and Opportunities for Developing Countries
3.5.1 Infrastructure Challenges
3.5.2 Transparency and Access to Information
3.5.3 Regulating State-Owned Operators
3.5.4 Free Trade Negotiations
3.5.5 Dispute Resolution
3.6 Cross-Border Interconnection
3.6.1 The Accounting Rate System
3.6.2 Regional Interconnection Clearing Houses
4 New Paradigms: Voice Over IP and IXPS
4.1 About the Internet
4.1.1 Overview of the Internet
4.1.2 The Seven Layers of Internet Interconnection
4.1.3 Evolution of the Internet
4.1.4 Current Internet Market Developments
4.2 About VoIP
4.2.1 Types of VoIP
4.2.2 Comparison of VoIP and Conventional Telephony
4.2.3 Protocols that Support VoIP
4.3 Arbitrage Opportunities in the ICT Sector
4.3.1 Common Arbitrage Strategies
4.4 VoIP and Regulation
4.4.1 Implications of VoIP for Regulators
4.4.2 Trends in VoIP Regulation
4.4.3 Differential Regulation of VoIP and Conventional Telephony
4.5 Interconnection Pricing for VoIP
4.5.1 A Comparison of Telecommunications and Internet Cost Recovery
4.5.2 Models for Internet Interconnection
4.5.3 Implications of VoIP for Interconnection Pricing
4.5.4 Pricing Mechanisms for VoIP Interconnection
4.5.5 Criteria for a New Interconnection Regime
4.6 VoIP Over Wireless Networks
4.7 Benchmarking Rates for Network Access
4.8 Internet Exchange Points
4.8.1 The Role of Internet Exchange Points
4.8.2 Supporting IXPs in Developing Countries
4.8.3 Internet Exchange Points in Africa
5 Regulating Prices
5.1 Why Regulate Prices?
5.2 Economic and Accounting Measures of Cost
5.3 Useful Economic Concepts
5.3.1 Economic Efficiency and Pricing
5.3.2 Economies of Scale and Scope
5.3.3 Single- and Multiple-Service Firms
5.4 Pricing Principles for the ICT Sector
5.5 Setting the Level and Structure of Prices
5.5.1 Fixed and Variable Costs and Price Setting
5.5.2 Determining Mark-Ups over TSLRIC
5.6 Tariff Rebalancing
5.7 International Benchmarking of Prices
5.8 Rate of Return Regulation
5.9 Incentive Regulation
5.10 Rate of Return Regulation versus Price Caps
5.11 Implementing Price Caps
5.11.1 Price Cap Baskets
5.11.2 Assessing Price Variations
5.11.3 Calculating the Productivity Factor
5.11.4 Service Quality Factors
5.11.5 Exogenous Cost Factors
5.12 Towards a Double Price Cap
5.13 Price Regulation and Multiple Play Offerings
Competition and Pricing: Index
Practice Notes on Competition and Price Regulation
Reference Documents on Competition and Price Regulation
Module 3. Authorization of Telecommunications Services
Executive Summaries
1 Overview of Telecommunications Authorization
1.1 Introduction to Licensing & Authorization
1.1.1 Authorization Terminology
1.1.2 ITU Trends in Telecommunication Reform
1.2 Authorization Trends
1.2.1 More on Authorization Trends
1.3 Authorization Objectives and Policies
1.3.1 Common Authorization Objectives
1.4 International Trade Rules
1.4.1 Key GATS Authorization Obligations
1.4.2 Specific WTO Telecom Sector Commitments
1.4.3 WTO Regulation Reference Paper: Key Authorization Rules
1.5 Who Authorizes Telecommunications Services?
1.5.1 Who Authorizes Telecom Services?
1.6 Types of Authorization Regimes
1.6.1 Main Types of Authorization Regimes
1.7 The Legal Framework for Authorization
1.7.1 Administrative Authorizations, Agreements and Concessions
1.8 Developing Market Entry Policies
1.8.1 Defining Service Areas
2 General Authorizations
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Advantages of General Authorizations
2.2.1 Services Often Subject to General Authorizations or Open Entry
2.3 Issuing General Authorizations
2.4 The New EU Authorization Framework
2.4.1 EU Authorization and Framework Directives: Authorization Requirements
2.4.2 The EU Regulatory Framework
3 Individual Licences
3.1 Individual Licences and Regulatory Certainty
3.1.1 Licensing Certainty in Developing Markets
3.2 Contents of a Detailed Individual Licence
3.2.1 Sample Contents of a Detailed PSTN Licence
4 The Competitive Licensing Process
4.1 Competitive Licensing Process
4.1.1 Features of a Multiple Round Auction: The Canadian Example
4.2 Phases of a Competitive Licensing Process
4.3 Scheduling the Licensing Process
4.3.1 Steps in the Licensing Schedule
4.4 The Guide to the Licensing Process
4.4.1 Contents of the Guide to the Licensing Process
4.5 The Request for Applications
4.5.1 Licensing Process Public Notice
4.6 The Pre-Qualification Phase
4.6.1 Whether to Include a Pre-Qualification Phase
4.6.2 Pre-Qualification Criteria
4.7 Qualification Criteria and Selection Criteria
4.7.1 The Qualification Phase
4.8 The Selection Phase
4.8.1 Competitive Selection Mechanisms
4.8.2 Selection Criteria
4.8.3 The Selection Process
4.8.4 Choosing Selection Mechanisms and Criteria
5 Fees
5.1 Authorization and Other Fees
5.1.1 More on Authorization Fees
6 Authorization Practices & Procedures
6.1 Transparency
6.2 Public Consultation
6.2.1 The Public Consultation Process
6.3 Authorization Renewal, Amendment and Renegotiation
6.3.1 Transition to New Authorization Regimes
6.3.2 Termination of Monopolies
6.3.3 Renegotiation of Licences
6.4 Balancing Certainty and Flexibility
6.4.1 More on Balancing Certainty and Flexibility
6.5 Distinguishing Authorization from Procurement
6.5.1 More on Distinguishing Authorization from Procurement
6.6 Spectrum Authorizations
7 Special Authorization Situations
7.1 Public-Private Partnerships, Concessions and Similar Arrangements
7.1.1 Concessions and Licence Agreements
7.1.2 Public-Private Partnerships
7.2 Re-authorization of Incumbent Service Providers
7.2.1 Re-authorization of Incumbents: Some Considerations
7.3 Service-Specific Authorizations
7.3.1 Common Authorization Classifications
7.3.2 Sample Licences and Related Documents
7.4 Convergence & Multiple Service Authorizations
Toolkit Glossary
Module 4. Universal Access
1 Universal Access an overview
1.1 Concepts of universal access
1.1.1 Basic definitions
1.1.2 Universal access and service targets
1.1.6 User communications capabilities
1.1.3 The scope of universal access and service
1.1.4 Choosing services for inclusion in the universal access and service scope
1.1.7 Regulatory intervention for universal access and service
1.1.5 Targeting special assistance
1.2 Current status of universal access by world regions
1.2.1 Availability of telephone services
1.2.2 Accessibility and affordability of telephone services
1.2.3 Public access to telephone services
1.2.4 Internet usage
1.2.5 Public access to Internet services
1.2.6 Broadcasting usage
1.3 Rationale for a universal access policy
1.3.1 ICTs as social and economic enablers
1.3.2 Drivers for universal access and service policy
1.3.3 Market gaps and universal access policy
1.4 Changing co