In this section

Executive Summaries 1 Overview: Putting ICT Regulation in Context 2 Competition Policy and the ICT Sector 3 Regulating For Interconnection 4 New Paradigms: Voice Over IP and IXPS 5 Regulating Prices Competition and Pricing: Index Practice Notes on Competition and Price Regulation Reference Documents on Competition and Price Regulation

ICT Regulation Toolkit Module 2. Competition and Price Regulation Competition and Pricing: Index

Competition and Pricing: Index

COMPETITION AND PRICE REGULATION HOME

1 OVERVIEW: PUTTING ICT REGULATION IN CONTEXT

1.1 Key Developments in the ICT Sector

1.2 Trends in ICT Regulation

2 COMPETITION POLICY AND THE ICT SECTOR

2.1 Forms of Competition

2.1.1 Perfect Competition
2.1.2 Effective Competition
2.1.3 Market Contestability
2.1.4 Sustainable Competition

2.2 Why Focus on Competition?

2.2.1 Benchmarking Competition by Sector
2.2.2 Comparison Table: Competition by Sector and Region

2.3 Competition Policy and Regulation

2.3.1 Competition Policy
2.3.2 Regulation
2.3.3 Ex Ante and Ex Post Regulation
2.3.4 Advantages and Disadvantages of Ex Ante versus Ex Post Regulation
2.3.5 Regulatory Forbearance

2.4 Key Concepts in Competition Policy

2.4.1 Markets and Market Definition
2.4.2 Market Power
2.4.3 Barriers to Entry
2.4.4 Essential Facilities

2.5 Common Forms of Anti-Competitive Conduct

2.5.1 Abuse of Dominance
2.5.2 Refusal to Supply
2.5.3 Vertical Price Squeeze
2.5.4 Cross-Subsidization
2.5.5 Misuse of Information
2.5.6 Customer Lock-In
2.5.7 Exclusionary or Predatory Pricing
2.5.8 Tying and Bundling

2.6 Remedies for Anti-Competitive Conduct

2.6.1 Remedies for Abuse of Dominance
2.6.2 Remedies for Refusal to Supply and Price Squeezes
2.6.3 Remedies for Cross-Subsidization
2.6.4 Remedies for Misuse of Information
2.6.5 Remedies for Customer Lock-In
2.6.6 Remedies for Predatory Pricing
2.6.7 Remedies for Tying and Bundling

2.7 Mergers, Acquisitions, and Joint Ventures

2.7.1 Horizontal Mergers
2.7.2 Vertical Mergers
2.7.3 Joint Ventures

3 REGULATING FOR INTERCONNECTION

3.1 Overview of Interconnection

3.1.1 What is Interconnection?
3.1.2 Why is Interconnection Important?
3.1.3 Why Regulate Interconnection?

3.2 Key Concepts

3.2.1 Forms of Interconnection
3.2.2 Unbundling
3.2.3 Asymmetric Interconnection Regulation
3.2.4 Issues Dealt with in Interconnection Agreements

3.3 Setting Interconnection Prices

3.3.1 Pricing Principles
3.3.2 Long-Run Incremental Cost Modelling
3.3.3 Commonly Used Cost Models
3.3.4 Benchmarking Interconnection Rates

3.4 Mobile Interconnection

3.4.1 Forms of Mobile Interconnection
3.4.2 Mobile Termination Rates
3.4.3 Retentions for Fixed-to-Mobile Calls
3.4.4 Modelling Mobile Network Costs
3.4.5 Mobile Roaming
3.4.6 Social Issues and Universal Service

3.5 Challenges and Opportunities for Developing Countries

3.5.1 Infrastructure Challenges
3.5.2 Transparency and Access to Information
3.5.3 Regulating State-Owned Operators
3.5.4 Free Trade Negotiations
3.5.5 Dispute Resolution

3.6 Cross-Border Interconnection

3.6.1 The Accounting Rate System
3.6.2 Regional Interconnection Clearing Houses

4 NEW PARADIGMS: VOICE OVER IP AND IXPS

4.1 About the Internet

4.1.1 Overview of the Internet
4.1.2 The Seven Layers of Internet Interconnection
4.1.3 Evolution of the Internet
4.1.4 Current Internet Market Developments

4.2 About VoIP

4.2.1 Types of VoIP
4.2.2 Comparison of VoIP and Conventional Telephony
4.2.3 Protocols that Support VoIP

4.3 Arbitrage Opportunities in the ICT Sector

4.3.1 Common Arbitrage Strategies

4.4 VoIP and Regulation

4.4.1 Implications of VoIP for Regulators
4.4.2 Trends in VoIP Regulation
4.4.3 Differential Regulation of VoIP and Conventional Telephony

4.5 Interconnection Pricing for VoIP

4.5.1 A Comparison of Telecommunications and Internet Cost Recovery
4.5.2 Models for Internet Interconnection
4.5.3 Implications of VoIP for Interconnection Pricing
4.5.4 Pricing Mechanisms for VoIP Interconnection
4.5.5 Criteria for a New Interconnection Regime

4.6 VoIP Over Wireless Networks

4.7 Benchmarking Rates for Network Access

4.8 Internet Exchange Points

4.8.1 The Role of Internet Exchange Points
4.8.2 Supporting IXPs in Developing Countries
4.8.3 Internet Exchange Points in Africa

5 REGULATING PRICES

5.1 Why Regulate Prices?

5.2 Economic and Accounting Measures of Cost

5.3 Useful Economic Concepts

5.3.1 Economic Efficiency and Pricing
5.3.2 Economies of Scale and Scope
5.3.3 Single- and Multiple-Service Firms

5.4 Pricing Principles for the ICT Sector

5.5 Setting the Level and Structure of Prices

5.5.1 Fixed and Variable Costs and Price Setting
5.5.2 Determining Mark-Ups over TSLRIC

5.6 Tariff Rebalancing

5.7 International Benchmarking of Prices

5.8 Rate of Return Regulation

5.9 Incentive Regulation

5.10 Rate of Return Regulation versus Price Caps

5.11 Implementing Price Caps

5.11.1 Price Cap Baskets
5.11.2 Assessing Price Variations
5.11.3 Calculating the Productivity Factor
5.11.4 Service Quality Factors
5.11.5 Exogenous Cost Factors

5.12 Towards a Double Price Cap

Practice Notes on Competition and Price Regulation

Reference Documents on Competition and Price Regulation