The ITU Radio Regulations set out the need for certain operators of radio equipment to possess a radio operator's certificate. Chapter 8 of the Radio Regulations deals with the requirements within the aeronautical environment while Chapter 9 deals with requirements in the maritime environment. In addition, Article 25 of the Radio Regulations and ITU-R Recommendation M.1544 which is incorporated by reference deals with the requirements for amateur radio operators. Ensuring conformity with these and with any additional national radio operator requirements involves examinations and the issuance of radio operator certificates of various types. In most countries, the conducting of these examinations is delegated to a public or private sector entity closely associated with the respective field i.e., aeronautical, maritime and amateur. Often such bodies will also conduct courses covering the material required for operator certification. In some cases, the delegated authority also issues the operator certificate on behalf of the government regulator.